Author:Lesley Wye This post was originally published by the Evidence & Policy blog on 3 February 2021. We have re-issued the article that has already been published by the Evidence & Policy blog. We would like to express gratitude to the kind offer of the editorial board of the Evidence & Policy blog. You know the story. A lone cowboy (unfortunately never a cowgirl) rides away into the sunset having saved the day. The same expectations are often placed on knowledge brokers wh

Author:Claire Bynner and Anna Terje This post was originally published by the Evidence & Policy blog on 27 January 2021. We have re-issued the article that has already been published by the Evidence & Policy blog. We would like to express gratitude to the kind offer of the editorial board of the Evidence & Policy blog. In a recent article published in Evidence & Policy, we explored the use of Aristotle’s three knowledge types: empirical knowledge, technical knowledge and prac

Author:David Christian Rose and Chris Tyler This post was originally published by the Evidence & Policy blog on 20 January 2021. We have re-issued the article that has already been published by the Evidence & Policy blog. We would like to express gratitude to the kind offer of the editorial board of the Evidence & Policy blog. The UK Parliament performs key democratic functions holding the government to account by scrutinising policy, debating legislation and providing a venu

Author: Masaharu Tsubokura PhD. Editors: Akihiko Ozaki M.D.,PhD., Yuki Senoo 259 Proton beams can reach the deep part of the body The previous articles introduced how current cancer treatment consists of three standard therapies: surgery, anticancer drugs (chemotherapy), and radiation therapy. Moreover, using irradiation to treat cancer cells is one of the options as effective as surgery or chemotherapy. Cancer treatment often involves radiotherapies using electromagnetic rad

Author: Masaharu Tsubokura M.D., PhD. Editors: Akihiko Ozaki M.D., PhD., Yuki Senoo 257 Radiation therapy is also used to treat other diseases Current cancer treatment consists of three standard therapies: surgery, anticancer drugs (chemotherapy), and radiation therapy. Treating cancer by irradiation of cancer cells is one option that is as effective as surgery or chemotherapy. Radiation therapy is not only for cancer treatment, but also used to treat other benign diseases. F

Author: Karim Moutchou Institution: Medical Student, Fez Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Editors: Akihiko Ozaki, MD., PhD., Yuki Senoo Introduction: The medieval period between the 5th and late 15th centuries created a significant setback to the role of the European empires as scientific leaders in the Mediterranean region. Political corruption, religious censorship, and successive pandemics handicapped the work of European scientists in all fields. This void was filled by t

Author:Yasuhiro Kotera This post was originally published by the Derby University Blog on 25 August 2020. We have re-issued the article that has already been published by the Derby University Blog. We would like to express gratitude to the kind offer of the editorial board of the Derby University Blog. Due to Covid-19, many workers were forced to work from home, with staff at the University of Derby, transitioning to home working in mid-March. While these unprecedented circum

Author:Duncan Chambers This post was originally published by the Evidence & Policy blog on 13 January 2021. We have re-issued the article that has already been published by the Evidence & Policy blog. We would like to express gratitude to the kind offer of the editorial board of the Evidence & Policy blog. An evidence synthesis programme commissioned by the UK’s National Institute for Health Research from two academic teams produced a diverse range of outputs and methodologic

Author: Masaharu Tsubokura M.D., PhD. Editors: Akihiko Ozaki M.D., PhD., Yuki Senoo 255 Difference between gamma ray and X-ray is source of origination The term “gamma ray” is often used in reference to measuring air radiation dose rate, whereas the term “X-ray” is commonly used in medicine, such as in “chest X-ray.” What is the difference between these two types of radiation? Let’s review what we have discussed in previous articles. Every single material in this world compri